{"id":4043,"date":"2026-03-22T14:05:35","date_gmt":"2026-03-22T13:05:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.souadbensaad.com\/?p=4043"},"modified":"2026-03-22T14:47:58","modified_gmt":"2026-03-22T13:47:58","slug":"carte-de-la-relation-americaine-soviatique-bac-le-eco","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.souadbensaad.com\/index.php\/2026\/03\/22\/carte-de-la-relation-americaine-soviatique-bac-le-eco\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/3allem.com\/home\">\u0639\u064e\u0644\u0650\u0651\u0645\u0652 &#8211; \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c<br>\u0641\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0628\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u270d\ufe0f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd34 1) \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 (1947 \u2013 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631<\/strong> \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a <strong>\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/strong> (\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0631\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0640 <strong>\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0648 (1949)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062d\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648 (1955)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83c\udfaf <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629:<\/strong><br>\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udfe2 2) \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c (\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 (1963)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0643\u064a (1975)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83c\udfaf <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629:<\/strong><br>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udd34 3) \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u2013 1991)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 <strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/strong> \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 (1979)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d (\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\u2b07<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udccc <strong>\u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83c\udfaf <strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629:<\/strong><br>\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1991 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u2705 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u0629 (\u062a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0641\u0638)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644:<br>\u27a1\ufe0f \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639<br>\u27a1\ufe0f \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a<br>\u27a1\ufe0f \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udcca \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udfaf \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630:\ud83d\udd34 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u279c \ud83d\udfe2 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c \u279c \ud83d\udd34 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u279c \u26ab \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83d\udcca \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table class=\"has-fixed-layout\"><thead><tr><th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/th><th>\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628<\/th><th>\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b<\/th><th>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>\ud83d\udd34 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639<\/td><td>1947 \u2013 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/td><td>&#8211; \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a (\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629)<br>&#8211; \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647<br>&#8211; \u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629<br>&#8211; \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>&#8211; \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646<br>&#8211; \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641<br>&#8211; \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646<br>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/td><td>\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\ud83d\udfe2 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c<\/td><td>\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/td><td>\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 + \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a<\/td><td>&#8211; \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<br>&#8211; \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d<br>&#8211; \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628)<br>&#8211; \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/td><td>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 (1963)<br>&#8211; \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d<br>&#8211; \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0643\u064a 1975<\/td><td>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\ud83d\udd34 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/td><td>\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u2013 1991<\/td><td>\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629<\/td><td>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646<br>&#8211; \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d<br>&#8211; \u062a\u0645\u0633\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a<br>&#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/td><td>&#8211; \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 1979<br>&#8211; \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645<br>&#8211; \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641<\/td><td>\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a (1991)<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\ud83c\udfaf \u0646\u0635\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 (\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638):<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>\ud83d\udd34 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649: <strong>\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udfe2 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: <strong>\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a + \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d<\/strong><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>\ud83d\udd34 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629: <strong>\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 + \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u270d\ufe0f \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udd34 <strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 (1947 \u2013 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a)<\/strong><br>\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c (\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a)<\/strong><br>\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\ud83d\udd34 <strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 (\u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u2013 1991)<\/strong><br>\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062c\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1991\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"847\" height=\"530\" src=\"https:\/\/www.souadbensaad.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/03\/image-65.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4044\" 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\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649: \ud83d\udd34 1) \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 (1947 \u2013 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a) \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 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